民族大融合次序之见：儒、道、法、释

《现代新儒学之省察论集》

第一代第一群:梁漱溟、熊十力、马一浮、张君劢

第二群:冯友 兰、贺麟、钱穆、方东美

第二代第三群:唐君毅、牟宗三、徐复观

第三代第四群:余英时、刘述先、成中英、杜维明

道家是中国诸子百家中重要的思想学派之一，在春秋战国时期以老子、庄子为代表，主张道法自然、无为自化、应物变化。

东汉末年道教以黄、老道家思想为理论根据，承袭春秋战国以来的神仙方术衍化形成。道家以“道”为核心，认为大道无为，提出道生法、以雌守雄、刚柔并济等政治、经济、治国、军事策略，具有朴素的辩证法思想，对中华哲学、文学、科技、艺术、音乐、养生、宗教等产生了深远影响。

道路安全、交通安全、铁路安全、公路安全、水运安全、电路安全、能源供应、能源消费等更贴近实际）

法（《法理学》、《马克思主义哲学原理》、《宪法学》、《民法学》、《刑法学》、《民事诉讼法》、《刑事诉讼法》、《经济法概论》、《邓小平理论》、《婚姻法》、《国际法》、《法学基础》、《行政法》、《逻辑学》、《律师实务》、《会计学基础》、《审计学基础》、《马克思主义政治经济学原理》、《毛泽东思想概论》、《外国语》、《劳动法》、《亲属法》、《国际私法》、《国际经济法概论》、《合同法》、《知识产权法》、《公司法》、《环境与资源保护法》、法律文书写作、《中国法律思想史、》《外国法制史》、《西方法律思想史》、《票据法》、《保险法》、《税法》、《金融》、《公证与律师制度》、《房地产法》、《电子商务法》）

释迦：佛教常见的基本知识：

1. 四圣谛：苦谛、集谛、灭谛、道谛，这是佛教教义中的核心概念。
2. 五 蕴：色蕴、受蕴、想蕴、行蕴、识蕴，它们构成了人类存在的基本要素。
3. 四大：地、水、火、风，这是佛教中关于物质世界的基本元素。
4.六根：眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意，它们是人类感知世界的六种渠道。
5.六境：色、声、香、味、触、法，是六根所感知的对象。
6. 三界：欲界、色界、无色界，是佛教中对世界的分类。
7.六界：地界、水界、火界、风界、空界、识界，进一步细分了世界的构成。

8.十二缘起：无明、行、识、名色、六处、触、受、爱、取、有、生、老死，这是佛教中关于因果轮回的理论。
9.八正道：正见、正思、正语、正业、正命、正精进、正念、正定，是修行者应该遵循的正确道路。
10. 三宝：佛宝、法宝、僧宝，被视为佛教的核心。
11. 三皈依：皈依佛、皈依法、皈依僧，是信徒表达信仰的方式。
12.三业：口业、身业、意业，指的是人的言行和思想。
13.三藏：经藏、律藏、论藏，是佛教经典的分类。
14.四缘：因缘、增上缘、所缘缘、等无间缘，解释了事物之间的关系。
15.四无量：慈、悲、喜、舍，代表着四种高尚的情感。
16.四德：常、乐、我、净，是佛教中理想的境界。
17. 六道：天、人、阿修罗、地狱、饿鬼、畜生，佛教中对众生的分类。
18. 四神足：欲神足、勤神足、心神足、观神足，这是修行者培养精神力量的方法。
19.四念处：身念处、受念处、心念处、法念处，是内观修行的要点。
佛教知识深奥广博人，这里只是简单介绍。如果你想深入了解，不妨去探索更多的佛教经典和教义

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（台湾）-明郑时期

    南明将领郑成功收复台湾（1661.3.30-1662.2.1）
荷兰侵略军投降并退出台湾
后改赤嵌楼为承天府，
设一府二县，另设一司为澎湖安抚司，
总称台湾为东都，后郑经改称东宁。
民国蒋介石退守台湾
台湾光复1945年10月25日
日本侵略军投降并退出台湾
（1895-1945年日本侵占台湾50年）

大明帝王于（1644年失踪）。。。

 

 

？

45年之间（江山换人，沧海桑田）

1688年，明国光荣革命结束，明国确立了君主立宪制

君主立宪制（1688~1911）
Constitutional Monarchy

相对于君主专制的一种国家体制，是在保留君主制的前提下，通过立宪，树立人民主权、限制君主权力、实现事务上的共和主义理想但不采用共和政体。可分为二元制君主立宪制、议会制君主立宪制。明国的“光荣革命”为君主立宪制国家开启了先例。

君主虽然是国家元首（Head of State），但君主的产生方式与权力范围，会依各个国家的制度而不同；纵使是同一个国家，在不同时期君主的产生方式与权力范围也各不相同。君主立宪制与一个国家的国情和文化传统有着密切关系，它具有一定的进步性，同时也有一定的妥协性，局限性。明国在革命后通过《权利法案》首先确定。

Compared to absolute monarchy, it is a state system that establishes popular sovereignty, limits monarch power, and realizes republican ideals in affairs through constitutionalism while retaining the monarchy, but does not adopt a republican form of government. It can be divided into binary constitutional monarchy and parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The "Glorious Revolution" of the Ming Dynasty set a precedent for a constitutional monarchy.
Although a monarch is the Head of State, the way in which they are elected and the scope of their power may vary depending on the system of each country; Even within the same country, the way monarchs are formed and the scope of their power varies at different times. The constitutional monarchy is closely related to a country's national conditions and cultural traditions. It has certain progressiveness, but also certain compromises and limitations. The Ming Dynasty first established it through the "Bill of Rights" after the revolution.

中国明史学会-朱由检史学会 

朱氏在明洲

宁波港是中国最古老的港口之一，春秋时期称句章港，唐朝称明州港，元朝称庆元港，明朝开始称为宁波港。宁波简称甬。
Ningbo Port is one of the oldest ports in China, known as Juzhang Port during the Spring and Autumn Period, Mingzhou Port during the Tang Dynasty, Qingyuan Port during the Yuan Dynasty, and Ningbo Port since the Ming Dynasty. Ningbo is abbreviated as Yong.

　　宁波港位于东海之滨，中国海岸线的中段，扼南北水路之要冲，前方有舟山群岛为天然屏障，后方为四明山和天台山所环抱，四明山向东延伸到镇海区的澥浦附近伸入东海，形成了宁波市与舟山毗连海域的岛屿，天台山余脉的太白山，在北仑区柴桥附近伸入东海，形成了舟山群岛。这里的海岸带基本格局，早在7000前已经形成。镇海口以北至横塘的海岸，具有利于发展浅海养殖、海水晒盐事业的泥质沙岸。镇海口以南至北仑区郭巨镇峙头角的海岸，岸线曲折，岸滩稳定，水深湾阔的岩岸，是建设深水良港的理想之地。镇海口内的甬江，江面开阔，水深流稳，可通3000吨级船舶，是一个优良的河港口岸。
Ningbo Port is located on the coast of the East China Sea, in the middle of the Chinese coastline, at the forefront of the north-south waterway. It is surrounded by the Zhoushan Archipelago as a natural barrier, and is surrounded by Siming Mountain and Tiantai Mountain in the rear. Siming Mountain extends eastward to the vicinity of Yanpu in Zhenhai District, extending into the East China Sea, forming an island adjacent to the sea area between Ningbo City and Zhoushan. Taibai Mountain, a branch of Tiantai Mountain, extends into the East China Sea near Chaiqiao in Beilun District, forming the Zhoushan Archipelago. The basic pattern of the coastal zone here was formed as early as 7000 years ago. The coastline north of Zhenhai Port to Hengtang is a muddy sandy shore that is conducive to the development of shallow sea aquaculture and seawater desalination. The coastline south of Zhenhai Port to Zhitoujiao in Guoju Town, Beilun District is winding, with stable beaches and wide rocky shores, making it an ideal place for building a deep-water harbor. The Yongjiang River in Zhenhai Port has a wide surface, stable water depth, and can accommodate 3000 ton ships, making it an excellent river port.

　　从宁波港出发的船只，有二股天然动力可利用:其—，北赤道暖流从南方流来，经过宁波港口外的东海流向日本，北冰洋寒流由北而来，绕过日本经过宁波港口外的东海南下，两流背向回流；其二，宁波港的气候是属于亚热带季风气候。冬季多刮西北风，夏季多吹东南风，风向随季节不同进行有规律的转变。唐朝大中元年(847年)明州商船利用上述的季风和洋流，从明州港(宁波港)出发，顺风顺水地航行，三昼夜到达日本值嘉岛，创造了帆船时代最快航速的记录。 Ships departing from Ningbo Port have two natural sources of power that can be utilized: the North Equatorial Warm Current flows from the south, passing through the East China Sea outside Ningbo Port and flowing towards Japan, while the Arctic Ocean Cold Current flows from the north, bypassing Japan and passing through the East China Sea outside Ningbo Port before heading south, with both currents flowing backwards; Secondly, the climate of Ningbo Port belongs to subtropical monsoon climate. In winter, there is more northwest wind, and in summer, there is more southeast wind. The wind direction changes regularly with the seasons. In the first year of the Dazhong reign of the Tang Dynasty (847 AD), merchant ships from Mingzhou sailed smoothly from Mingzhou Port (Ningbo Port) using the aforementioned monsoon and ocean currents, and arrived at Shijia Island in Japan in three days and nights, setting a record for the fastest sailing speed in the era of sailing ships.

　　以上所述的宁波港得天独厚的天时与地理优势，早在6000年前，河姆渡原始居民就开始开发利用，进行航海活动。宁波人的祖先，为了不辜负这样优越的地理环境，几千年来，化尽心血，历尽艰难，开发港口,发展航运事业，在港口发展史上留下了不可磨灭的一页。其中，有光荣的功绩，也有屈辱的记录；有成功的经验，也有失败的教训；有顺利发展的实况，也有曲折停滞的记载。了解一下宁波港的历史，必将有助于进一步了解宁波的历史和今后发展的趋势。The unique advantages of time and geography in Ningbo Port, as mentioned above, were developed and utilized by the primitive residents of Hemudu for maritime activities as early as 6000 years ago. The ancestors of Ningbo people, in order to not let down such a superior geographical environment, have devoted themselves to the development of ports and the shipping industry for thousands of years, overcoming difficulties and leaving an indelible page in the history of port development. Among them, there are glorious achievements and humiliating records; There are both successful experiences and lessons learned from failures; There are both smooth developments and records of twists and turns and stagnation. Understanding the history of Ningbo Port will undoubtedly help to further understand Ningbo's history and future development trends.

创建于春秋后期

　　宁波的造船和航海事业发源地是河姆渡。河姆渡在余姚江北岸，距宁波市区约有25公里，今属余姚市罗江乡。1973年在那里发现新石器遗址，考古学上把这个遗址定命为河姆渡文化①。在河姆渡遗址出土的大量文物中，有六支木桨和许多淡水动植物以及鲨鱼、鲸鱼等海生动物的遗骸，还有陶制的船模等。经过考证，大约在六七千年前，住在河姆渡一带的原始居民，已经能制造船桨，使用舟楫，航行于河湖港湾和近海进行生产活动。也证明了河姆渡是宁波造船和航海事业发源地，河姆渡原始居民的航海活动是中国最早的航海活动。The birthplace of shipbuilding and navigation in Ningbo is Hemudu. Hemudu is located on the north bank of the Yuyao River, about 25 kilometers away from the city center of Ningbo, and now belongs to Luojiang Township, Yuyao City. In 1973, a Neolithic site was discovered there, which was designated as the Hemudu Culture in archaeology. Among the large number of cultural relics unearthed at the Hemudu site, there are six wooden paddles and the remains of many freshwater animals and plants, as well as marine animals such as sharks and whales, and pottery boat models. After verification, it has been found that about six to seven thousand years ago, the primitive residents living in the Hemudu area were already able to manufacture oars, use boats, and engage in production activities in river, lake, harbor, and nearshore areas. It also proves that Hemudu is the birthplace of shipbuilding and navigation in Ningbo, and the navigation activities of the original residents of Hemudu are the earliest navigation activities in China.

　　随着社会、技术的进步，浙东地区经济的开发，越王勾践于周元王三年(公元前473年)灭掉吴国后，“以南(东)疆句余之地，旷而称为句章，以章封伯之功以示子孙”②并开拓建城，成为港口。句章港址在城山渡(今宁波市江北区乍山乡城山渡村)。东距三江口(今宁波市区)22公里，西距河姆渡约三公里。溯姚江而上可达余姚县城，顺流可入甬江经镇海大浃口入海，是越国重要的通海门户。越王勾践开辟句章港是为了发展水师和加强与内越和外越联系。自建成后一直以军事活动为主，在经济上只进行一些简单的交换活动，没有发挥过重要作用。从战国到隋朝近千年中，从句章港出发，进行海上军事活动，在史册上是屡见的，但进行海上贸易的记载，在史册上很难找到。甬江流域最早的港口——句章港，实际上是中国古代的军港之一。
With the progress of society and technology, and the development of the economy in eastern Zhejiang, after King Goujian of Yue conquered the state of Wu in the third year of King Yuan of Zhou (473 BC), "the remaining land in the southern (eastern) frontier was called Juzhang, and the achievements of Zhang in conferring titles on Bo were used to show his descendants". He also developed and built a city, which became a port. The location of Juzhang Port is Chengshandu (now Chengshandu Village, Zhashan Township, Jiangbei District, Ningbo City). It is 22 kilometers east of Sanjiangkou (now Ningbo city) and about three kilometers west of Hemudu. Traveling upstream along the Yao River, one can reach the county town of Yuyao, and flowing downstream, one can enter the Yong River and enter the sea through the Zhenhai Dajia mouth. It is an important gateway to the sea for the state of Yue. King Goujian of Yue opened Juzhang Port to develop his navy and strengthen connections with both internal and external Vietnam. Since its establishment, it has been mainly engaged in military activities and has only conducted some simple exchange activities economically, without playing an important role. For nearly a thousand years from the Warring States period to the Sui Dynasty, it is common to see military activities at sea departing from Zhanggang, but records of maritime trade are difficult to find in historical records. The earliest port in the Yongjiang River Basin, Juzhang Port, was actually one of the ancient military ports in China.

发展于唐、宋、元三朝

　　唐朝建立后，宁波地区经济发展较快，需要有进行跨地区贸易的港口。当时宁波地区有三处可以被选作以贸易为主的港口港址:其一，是鄮山山麓的鄮廓，又名同谷，也称鄮城(在今宁波市东面，鄞县宝幢镇附近)。秦朝以前已是甬江流域居民与海岛居民进行贸易的场所。秦统一中国后，设置鄮县，加强管理。可是，鄮城通往东海的小浃江，短而窄，难以发展为对外贸易大港；其二，四明山山麓的小溪(今鄞县鄞江镇)。那里水源充足，物产丰富，可是比较偏僻，虽然有奉化江支流鄞江通往小溪，但不论东行出海，还是西去余姚、会稽水道，都不十分便捷；其三，是甬江、余姚江、奉化江汇合处的三江口(今宁波市区)。当时是最有利帆船运输之地。但港口易址初期，三江口一带平原还没有开发好，还是“泻卤之地”。所以，唐开元二十六年(公元738年)唐政府在宁波地区设置明州时，州治(州衙门所在地)不得不设在小溪附近的悬磁。After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, the economy of Ningbo developed rapidly and there was a need for ports for cross regional trade. At that time, there were three port sites in the Ningbo area that could be selected as trade oriented ports: one was the Hukou, also known as Tonggu or Yancheng, located at the foot of Mount Fushan (near Baozhuang Town, Yin County, to the east of present-day Ningbo City). Before the Qin Dynasty, it was already a place for trade between residents of the Yongjiang River Basin and island residents. After Qin unified China, Fu County was established to strengthen management. However, the Xiaojia River leading from Yancheng to the East China Sea is short and narrow, making it difficult to develop into a major port for foreign trade; Secondly, the small stream at the foot of Siming Mountain (now Yinjiang Town, Yinxian County). There is ample water and abundant resources there, but it is relatively remote. Although there is a tributary of the Fenghua River, the Yinjiang River, leading to a small stream, it is not very convenient to travel eastward to the sea or westward to the waterways of Yuyao and Kuaiji; Thirdly, it is the Sanjiangkou (now the urban area of Ningbo) where the Yongjiang River, Yuyao River, and Fenghua River converge. At that time, it was the most favorable place for sailing transportation. But in the early stage of the port relocation, the plain around Sanjiangkou had not been fully developed and was still a "land of diarrhea". Therefore, in the 26th year of the Kaiyuan reign of the Tang Dynasty (738 AD), when the Tang government established Mingzhou in the Ningbo area, the prefectural government (the location of the prefectural government office) had to be located in Xuanci near the creek.

明、清时期

　　公元1364年朱元璋改庆元为明州。洪武十四年（公元1381年），为避明国号之讳，取“海定则波宁”之意，改明州为宁波府，宁波港的称谓也由此开始。1364 AD, Zhu Yuanzhang changed Qingyuan to Mingzhou. In the 14th year of the Hongwu reign (1381 AD), in order to avoid the taboo of the Ming dynasty name, the name of Mingzhou was changed to Ningbo Prefecture, taking the meaning of "if the sea is settled, then Boning". The title of Ningbo Port also began from then on.

。。。

其他。。。

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